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Kopi luwak (), or civet coffee, refers to the coffee that includes part-digested coffee cherries eaten and defecated by the Asian palm civet (''Paradoxurus hermaphroditus'').〔 Producers of the coffee beans argue that the process may improve coffee through two mechanisms, selection and digestion. Selection occurs if the civets choose to eat cherries. Digestive mechanisms may improve the flavor profile of the coffee beans that have been eaten. The civet eats the cherries for the fleshy pulp, then in the digestive tract, fermentation occurs. The civet's protease enzymes seep into the beans, making shorter peptides and more free amino acids.〔 Passing through a civet's intestines the cherries are then defecated with other fecal matter and collected. The traditional method of collecting feces from wild civets has given way to intensive farming methods in which civets in battery cage systems are force fed the cherries. This method of production has raised ethical concerns about the treatment of civets due to "horrific conditions" including isolation, poor diet, small cages and a high mortality rate.〔〔 A 2013 BBC investigation of intensive civet farming in Sumatra found conditions of animal cruelty.〔 Intensive farming is also criticised by traditional farmers because the civets do not select what they eat, so the cherries which are fed to them in order to flavor the coffee〔NBC〕 are of poor quality compared to those beans collected from the wild.〔 According to an officer from the TRAFFIC conservation programme, the trade in civets to make kopi luwak may constitute a significant threat to wild civet populations.〔 Although kopi luwak is a form of processing rather than a variety of coffee, it has been called one of the most expensive coffees in the world with retail prices reaching / per kilogram,〔 close to the / price of Black Ivory coffee. The price paid to collectors in the Philippines is closer to US$20 per kilogram.〔 The price of farmed (considered low-grade by connoisseurs) kopi luwak in large Indonesian supermarkets is from US$100 per kilogram (five times the price of a high quality local arabica coffee). Genuine kopi luwak from wild civets is difficult to purchase in Indonesia and proving it is not fake is very difficult – there is little enforcement regarding use of the name "kopi luwak", and there's even a local cheap coffee brand named "Luwak", which costs under US$ 3 per kilogram but is occasionally sold online under the guise of real kopi luwak. An investigation by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Asia found fraud to be rife in the kopi luwak industry, with producers willing to label coffee from caged civets with a "wild sourced" or similar label.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= http://action.petaasiapacific.com/ea-action/action?ea.client.id=110&ea.campaign.id=22769 )〕 A BBC investigation revealed similar findings.〔 Kopi luwak is produced mainly on the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and Sulawesi in the Indonesian Archipelago. It is also widely gathered in the forest or produced in the farms in the islands of the Philippines (where the product is called ''kape motit'' in the Cordillera region, ''kapé alamíd'' in Tagalog areas, and ''kapé melô'' or ''kapé musang'' in Mindanao island), and in East Timor (where it is called ''kafé-laku''). ''Weasel coffee'' is a loose English translation of its Vietnamese name ''cà phê Chồn'', where popular, chemically simulated versions are also produced. == History == The origin of kopi luwak is closely connected with the history of coffee production in Indonesia. In the early 18th century the Dutch established the cash-crop coffee plantations in their colony in the Dutch East Indies islands of Java and Sumatra, including Arabica coffee introduced from Yemen. During the era of ''Cultuurstelsel'' (1830–70), the Dutch prohibited the native farmers and plantation workers from picking coffee fruits for their own use. Still, the native farmers wanted to have a taste of the famed coffee beverage. Soon, the natives learned that certain species of ''musang'' or ''luwak'' (Asian Palm Civet) consumed the coffee fruits, yet they left the coffee seeds undigested in their droppings. The natives collected these luwaks' coffee seed droppings, then cleaned, roasted and ground them to make their own coffee beverage.〔 The fame of aromatic civet coffee spread from locals to Dutch plantation owners and soon became their favourite, yet because of its rarity and unusual process, the civet coffee was expensive even during the colonial era. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「kopi luwak」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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